Thanks for coming along for the ride! We've come quite a way from the introduction, haven't we? Here's a brief recap of everything we've covered.
The scientific method, or "methodological naturalism," is a method of building models and then revising them in order to more accurately describe the real world, since it's impossible to be absolutely certain of anything beyond your own existence. The steps are:
Falsifiability is important because if we can't prove a hypothesis wrong, it's impossible to use it to predict anything. Once a hypothesis has been confirmed true, it falls into three categories: fact, law, or theory. Facts are simple observations; laws are descriptions of patterns; and theories are descriptions which use mechanisms to predict patterns.
Worldviews are models of the universe and the way it works. Science is unique among worldviews because it continually revises itself to be more accurate to empirical descriptions. When worldviews are different and one implies the other is incorrect, they come into conflict; this occurred when Galileo challenged Ptolemaic heliocentrism in the 1600s and incurred the wrath of the Catholic Church. Not all worldviews are scientific, so those that aren't shouldn't claim they are.
There are many mistaken notions as to what evolution actually is. Here are three broad categories:
Moreover, there is no barrier between microevolution and macroevolution; they are two fields which focus on two different aspects of evolutionary phenomena.
Evolution is a theory which describes the development of life using the mechanisms of heredity, mutation, and natural selection. Mutation creates variety within a population, which is inherited from generation to generation. Because some varieties of a given organism will be more suited to their environment, they will pass on their characteristics to the next generation more frequently than others. This will create a change in allele frequencies in a population over time. With mutation constantly adding new alleles into a population, over long eons populations can undergo dramatic transformations. This is evolution.
Hopefully, you understand the theory of evolution better now!